新东方在线网络课堂职称英语辅导团队现将职称英语考试中常考的动词5大时态的基本概念、构成、运用等总结如下,希望考生通过对动词时态用法全面了解和熟练运用,为开展全面复习、提高考试成绩打下良好的基础.
一般现在时
1. 一般现在时的概念
一般现在时表示经常的、习惯性的动作或存在的状态.
2. 一般现在时的构成
一般现在时的构成主要有两种形式:
(1)be型:句子的谓语动词只有be(am,is或are):
a.肯定句中,只出现be,如: I am a student.我是一名学生.
b.否定句中,要在be后面加not,如: She isn't a teacher.她不是教师.
c.一般疑问句,要将be放在句子开头(注意句首字母大写),句尾用问号,答语用Yes,主语+be.或No,主语+be+not.如:
-Are you ready?-你准备好了吗? -Yes,I am.-是的,我准备好了.
(-No,I'm not.-不,我没准备好.)
(2)实义动词型:句中的谓语动词为实义动词(也叫行为动词):
a.肯定句中,只出现实义动词,如:
I get up in the morning.我早晨起床.
b.否定句中,要在实义动词前面加do(does)+not,do(does)作助动词,本身无意义,常与not缩写成don't(doesn't),如:
I don't like vegetables.我不喜欢蔬菜.
c.一般疑问句,要在句子开头加助动词Do(does),句尾用问号,简略答语用Yes,主语+do(does).或No,主语+do(does)+not.如:
-Do you like oranges?-你喜欢桔子吗?
-Yes,I do.-是的,我喜欢.
(-No,I don't.-不,我不喜欢.)
3.一般现在时的用法
1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday等.
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 我每天早上7点去上学.
2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实.
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕着太阳.
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国的东部.
3) 表示格言或警句中.
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败.
注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时.
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round..
4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性.
Xiao Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
小王的英语书面表达能力比口语好.
比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup.
I am doing my homework now.
第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作.再如:Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时.
一般过去时
1. 一般过去时的概念
一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态.常和表示过去的时间状语连用.如:last year, yesterday等; 也可表示过去经常反复发生的动作,常和often, always等频率副词连用. 例如:
① I saw him on the street yesterday. 昨天我在街上看见他了.
② Li Mei always went to school on foot last year. 去年李梅总是步行上学.
2. 一般过去时的构成
我们主要来学习谓语动词为实义动词的一般过去时的构成. 动词过去式的构成:
(1)规则动词过去式的构成有四条规则:
①一般在动词原形末尾直接加上-ed.如:look-looked.
②以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,去e再加-ed.如:live-lived.
③末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ed.如:stop-stopped.
④末尾是辅音字母+y结尾的动词,先变y为i,然后再加-ed.如:study-studied.
(2)不规则动词的过去式需特殊记忆.如:am(is)-was, are-were, go-went, come-came, take-took, have (has)-had等.
3. 一般过去时的几种句型
肯定句结构为:主语+动词的过去式+其它.如:He went to the toy store yesterday. 他昨天去玩具店了.
否定句结构为:主语+did not (didn't)+动词原形+其它.如:He didn't go to the toy store yesterday. 他昨天没去玩具店.
一般过去时的一般疑问句的构成:Did+主语+动词原形+其它?如:
1) -Did you go to Beijing last week?
-Yes, we did. (No, we didn't.)
2) -Did you meet the businessman before?
-No, I didn't. (Yes, I did.)
一般过去时的特殊疑问句的构成:疑问词+did+主语+动词原形+其它?如:
1) -What did you do last night?
-I did my homework.
2) -Where did you go last week?
-I went to Shanghai with my parents.
4.一般过去时口诀
一般过去时并不难,表示过去动作、状态记心间.
动词要用过去式,时间状语句末站.
否定句很简单,didn't 站在动词原形前,其它部分不要变.
一般疑问句也好变,did放在句子前,主语、动词原形、其它部分依次站.
特殊疑问句也简单,疑问词加一般疑问句记心间.
最后一条请注意,动词过去式要牢记.
一般将来时
1.一般将来时的基本概念
一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态.一般将来时由助动词shall(第一人称),will(第二、三人称)+动词原形构成.美国英语则不管什么人称,一律用will.
2.一般将来时的构成
am/is/are/going to + do和will/shall + do
1) shall用于第三人称单数,常被will 所代替,二者都可以缩写成'll.
will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称.
Which paragraph shall I read first.
Will you be at home at seven this evening?
2) be going to +动词原形地点,表示将来.
a. 主语的意图,即将做某事.
What are you going to do tomorrow?
b. 计划,安排要发生的事.
The play is going to be produced next month.
c. 有迹象要发生的事
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
3) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事.
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事.
He is about to leave for Beijing.
注意:be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用.
3.一般将来时的用法
表示将来的动作或状态:一般将来时常与一些表示将来的时间状语连用,如: tomorrow(明天), next week(下周), from now on(从现在开始);in the future(将来)等.
4.一般将来时的其他用法
一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,其表达形式除了"shall(第一人称),will(第二、三人称)+动词原形构成"外,还有以下几种形式.
1)"to be going to+动词原形"表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事.例如:
①It is going to rain. 要下雨了.
②We are going to have a meeting today. 今天我们开会.
2)go, come,start,move,sail,leave,arrive,stay,live,fly,等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作,例如:
I'm leaving for Beijing. 我要去北京.
3)"be to+动词原形"表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见.例如:
①Are we to go on with this work?我们继续干吗?
②The boy is to go to school tomorrow.这个男孩明天要去上学.
4)"be about to+动词原形"表示即将发生的动作,意为:很快,马上.后面一般不跟时间状语.例如:
We are about to leave.我们马上就走.
5)某些词,如come, go, leave, arrive, start, get, stay ,live,fly等的一般现在时也可表示将来.
①The meeting starts at five o'clock.会议五点开始.
②He gets off at the next stop.他下一站下车
现在进行时
1.现在进行时的概念
现在进行时表示现在或当前一般时间正在进行的动作.可以表示有计划的未来.
2.现在进行时的构成
现在进行时的构成是:主语+be+动词ing〔现在分词〕形式
be应为助动词,初学者最容易漏掉,它应与主语的人称和数保持一致.
第一人称单数 I+am+doing+sth
第一人称复数 We+are+doing +sth
第二人称单复数 You+are+doing +sth
第三人称单数 He(She,it)+is+doing+sth
第三人称复数 They+are+doing +sth
动词变化规则
A、直接+ ing
B、去e+ing
C、重读闭音节,且末尾只有1个辅音字母,双写辅音字母+ing
D、特殊变化:die-dying,lie-lying,tie-tying
E、不规则变化
⒊ 现在进行时的应用
在实际运用时,现在进行时常用以下几种情况:
(1)当句子中有now时,常表示动作正在进行,这时要用现在进行时.如:
They are playing basketball now.现在他们正在打篮球.
(2)以look, listen开头的句子,提示我们动作正进行,这时要用现在进行时.如:
Listen!She is singing an English song.听,她正在唱英语歌.
(3)表示当前一段时间或现阶段正在进行的动作,且此时有this week, these days等时间状语,这时常用现在进行时.如:
We are making model planes these days.这些天我们在做飞机模型.
(4)描述图片中的人物的动作,也为了表达更生动.此时也常用现在进行时.如:
Look at the picture. The children are flying kites in the park.看这幅图,那些孩子正在公园放风筝.
现在完成时
⒈ 现在完成时的概念
现在完成时表示过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果,以及过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态.
现在完成时是由助动词 have(has)+动词的过去分词构成.
⒉ 现在完成时的用法:
其主要用法有三种:
I已完成用法. 表示一个过去发生并结束的动作对现在产生的结果和影响.这一类情况可以细致分为下述两种情况.
1).表示开始于过去的动作刚刚结束.常和just,now,already,yet,not…yet等连用.
Li Ming has just turned off the light. 李明刚刚把灯关上.(说明现在灯关上了)
I've finished my homework now. 现在我已经做完作业了.(说明可以交作业或做别的了)
2). 表示过去动作的结果,现在仍残留着.一般不用时间状语.
I have lost my pen. 我把笔丢了. (说明过去某时丢的,现在我还没找到这支笔)
She has become a teacher. 她已经当了老师.(说明她现在仍是老师)
She has become a teacher. 她已经当了老师.(说明她现在仍是老师)
II未完成用法.表示过去已经开始,持续到现在,而且还能继续下去的动作或状态.往往和表示一段时间的状语连用.如today,this week(month),lately,recently,these days,in the past few days,during the last two weeks. since,since yesterday,since 2 days ago,since 1991,for a longtime,for a month,so far,up to now,till(until) now等.
He has lived here for 30 years. 他住在这儿三十年了.(现在还住在这儿)
They've known each other since childhood. 他们从小彼此相识.(现在还继续往来)
How long have you studied English? 你学英语多久了?(现在仍在学)
III经验性用法 .表示从过去到现在之间曾经经历过的事情.一般译为汉语"过",常和often,never,ever,once,twice,three times,before,since等连用.
I have been to the Summer Palace twice. 我曾经去过颐和园两次.
We have visited your school before. 我以前曾去过你们学校.
(过去的经历,但现在依然记得)
⒊ 现在完成时的时间状语
I现在完成时属于现在时范围,故不能和过去的时间状语连用.如:yesterday,last Sunday,in1990,three years ago等.但是,在强调动作产生的后果和影响时,可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用.
a. 用副词already和yet.already一般用于肯定句中,yet一般用于否定句和 疑问句中.如:We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了.
They haven't finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业.
b. 用ever 和never.多用于否定或疑问句中,表示"曾经"或"从未"等. 如:
-Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾经去过长城吗
-I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城.
c. 用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语,如just,before,up to now,the past few years等.例如:I have seen her before,but I can not remember where. 我以前见过她,但记不起在哪里见过.
He has been there three times the last few days. 近几年他去过那里三次了.
d. 用包括"现在"在内的时间状语,如:now,today,this morning(month,year,term)等.例如:-Have you met him today?-No,I haven't. 今天你见过他吗?我 没有.
How many times have you been there this year? 今年你去过那里多少次?
II短暂性动词不能和表一段时间的时间状语连用.如:come, go, arrive, reach, see,
hear, close, leave, begin, start, lose, buy, close, fall, join, die, get up等.但如果要保留表一段时间的时间状语,必须将动词改为延续性动词.现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换,如:
fall asleep (ill) →be asleep (ill) get to know→ know
begin,(start)→ be on open →be open
buy→ have get up→ be up
die→ be dead go out→ be out
come→ be in close→be closed
arrive→be here join→be in, be a +名词
finish( end )→be over leave, move →be away, be out of
borrow →keep go to school→be a student
catch(a cold)→ have(a cold) begin to study→study
come back→be back put on→wear 或be on
如:He has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年了.
His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了.
The film has been on for ten minutes.电影已开始十分钟了.
We have studied English for three years. 我们(开始)学英语已三年了.
⒋ 现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作.但现在完成时强调的是这一动作与现在的关系.如对现在产生的结果或影响等,而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生,不表示和现在的关系.试比较:
I have lost my new book. 我把新书丢了.(现在还未找到)
I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新书丢了.(昨天丢的,现在找到与否没说明)
The light has gone out.灯已经息了.(现在尚未亮)
The light gone went out.灯曾经息过.(现在已亮了)
⒌ 几点注意事项
I. have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别:
have been(to)表示"去过某地(现在已经回来了)",可用于各人称;have gone(to)表示"去某地了(说话时某人不在当地)",常用于第三人称,前者可与once ,never,several times等连用,后者则不能.如:
They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次.
He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了.
II. 如单纯表示一段时间,或强调一段时间,虽有since一词,也不必用完成时.如:
It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有三年了.
Ⅲ. 不可延续性动词现在完成时的否定式,已变成一种可以延续的状态,因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用.如:
I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来,我一直没有离开过这儿.
(错)I have received his letter for a month.
(对)I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
⒍ 用于现在完成时的句型
Ⅰ.It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时.
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
Ⅱ.This is the… that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时.
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影.
动词时态经典例题解析:
1. --- Oh, dear. I forgot the air tickets.
--- You ______ something.
A. have left B. are always leaving C. are leaving D. always left
解析:进行时态与always, all the time等连用,表示习惯性行为,且带有浓厚的感情色彩.此处可理解为"你总是丢三落四的".,所以这个应该选B
2. --- I ______ so busily recently that I ______ no time to help you with your maths.
--- That's OK. I can manage it by myself.
A. have been working; have B. have worked; had
C. am working; will have D. had been working; had had
解析:recently常与现在完成时或一般过去时连用.第二空应用一般现在时.所以这个应该选A
3. Remember to send me a photo of us next time you ______ to me.
A. are writing B. will write C. has written D. write
解析:next time引导时间状语从句,而且其谓语动词常用一般现在时表示将来.所以这个应该选D
4. He ______ at the meeting, but his heart attack prevented him.
A. will speak B. is going to speak C. had to speak D. was going to speak
解析:由题意"他本来打算在会上发言,但……"可知应选D项.
5. --- I beg your pardon, but I didn't quite catch you.
--- Oh, I ______ myself.
A. am talking to B. talked about C. have talked to D. was talking to
解析:Oh, I was talking to myself.意为"噢, 我(刚才)只是在自言自语". 所以这个应该选D
6. I ______ ping-pong quite well, but I haven't had time to play since the New Year.
A. will play B. have played C. played D. play
解析:"乒乓球打得好"是一般情况,故用一般现在时.所以这个应该选D
