概括大意和完成句子
1. 每道题型四分，共八分。
2. 十分钟之内必须做完一道题。
3. 一篇文章出了两个题型，一个题型是概括大意，另一个是完成句子。分别出四个题， 每道题1分，共8分。
一. 概括大意
1.分值：4分。 2.题型特点：它考的是四段的中心思想。 注意：(1)提供的备选答案是六个。 (2)文章的篇幅。 3.做题的步骤： a.看标题。(查字典与不查字典)。
b.看问哪四段并做好标记。
(P148)
Exercise one North America
1 The natural regions of North America are typified by broad areas of apparently similar appearance and morphology. The entire western margin of the continent is paralleled by a series of mountain chains with intermountain basins and plateaus. The vast interior of the continent
is dominated by gently rolling plains. The eastern side of the continent has both low mountain relief and, along the southeast coast, almost flat topography.
2 The agricultural resources of North America are immense, with much of this potential located in the United States and southern Canada. Almost all of the Interior Plains and the Atlantic and Gulf Lowlands regions are suitable for agriculture. Significant areas within the Western Uplands-wherever water is available-are valuable crop or pasture lands as smaller sections of Middle America.
3 Of the more than 400 million people in North America, more than 60%are located in the United States and almost another 20%live in Mexico. Almost all of Canada's people live within 200 km (125mi) of the U. S. border. The remainder of the continent's population is divided between the Caribbean and Central American countries, with Cuba, in the Caribbean, by far the most populous.
4 The educational levels of North Americans are exceeded on a continental scale only in Europe and in Australia. In the United States and Canada more than 50%of the people older than 25 years have completed at least 12 years of schooling. In addition, more than 15%have completed at least 4 years of college. Virtually the entire population of both countries are considered literate. In contrast, a large portion of the Middle American population does not finish primary school.
5 Levels of economic development vary greatly over the continent. The postindustrial economies of Canada and the United States employ well under one-tenth of their tabor forces in agriculture and one-third or less in industry, with the rest primarily employed in service industries. Fueled by oil revenues, Mexico's economy developed more rapidly in the 1970s than any other country's on the continent. The fall of oil prices in the 1980s, however, stalled this growth and plunged Mexico deeply into debt. In the Caribbean the pace of economic development is uneven, and unemployment rates are generally high.
A Agricultural Resources
B Education
C Economy
D People
E Land
F Employment
1 Paragraph 2 ________
2 Paragraph 3 ________
3 Paragraph 4 ________
4 Paragraph 5 ________
5 The topographical feature of North America is ________.
6 The great potential agricultural resources of North American lies in ________.
7 In U. S. and Canada ________ is considered illiterate.
8 Mexico's rapid economic development in the 1970s is due to ________.
A oil revenues
B none
C the entire population
D the U. S. and southern Canada
E intermountain basins and plateaus
F broad areas of similar appearance and morphology
c.分析A-F选项。(找关键词) 关键词：名词 1)冠词a，an，the后面的词一定是名词。若接两个单词，名词是后者。
2)of两边是名词。
3)介词的后面接的是名词。
4)one's后是名词。
5)通过名词的后缀判断名词。
-tion，- sion，-ness，-ment，-ance (-ce)，部分-y， 关键词：词组 数字年代 写法特殊的单词(专有名词、有小连字符的单词、有引号的单词) 形容词、副词、原级、比较级、最高级 注意：名词前的修饰词adj.大多数为原级。 名词前的修饰词反义词是否与文章表达一致。 比较级(-er)more less 最高级(-est) most least
d.到相应的段落找答案。
段的第一句;如果第一句没有，看第二句;第二句也没有，看最后一句。如这三个地方都没有，往中间看。
注意：1.如果在第二句前边出现了but、however、在线词以它们后面句子中的 在线词为主。 2.如果某个句子前边出现一下单词：show、conclude、conclusion、 find、suggest，到词后的句子中找关键词。 3.有绝对化意义的答案不选，如all。
(P155)
Exercise Five Baldness and Hair Loss
1 About one out of eight men in America experiences noticeable baldness by age 25, estimates American Medical Association. During the next ten years, three times as many male hairless can be seen bearing a speedy retreat. By age 45, close to half the male population shows obvious signs of so-called pattern baldness. At retirement age, 65 percent of men are at least partially bald.
2 But baldness is not limited to men. While no one knows exactly how many women are affected, some scientists report that an increasing number of women in their 20s and 30s are losing their hair for stress-related reasons. Some post-menopausal women suffer significant hair loss.
3 Researchers have yet to figure out why people go bald, although they've been pondering the question for hundreds of years. Scientists today say that 90 percent of all male baldness and some female baldness are genetically programmed, but they do not know the details.
4 The genetic program is activated by age. In men, the result generally follows a pattern: a gradually receding widow's peak in front eventually meets a growing "monk's spot" in back, leaving only a narrow horseshoe of hair around the head. Women tend to lose hair willy-nilly, resulting in sparse over-all coverage with no true bald spots.
5 But 10 percent of all men who lose their hair and almost all pre-menopausal women who lose their hair are not genetically programmed to go bald. Generally, tension and stress, nutritional deficiencies, drugs or radiation, illness or surgery, hair abuse (vigorous brushing, tight rubber bands or tautly pulled hair styles) and pregnancy are considered the answer.
6 Is there a cure for baldness? The afflicted have been asking that question and hotly pursuing the latest treatment. Actually, the answer is simple: if the baldness is caused by one of the
temporary conditions mentioned above, there is the cure: time. Hair almost grows back normally after the follicles recuperate from whatever temporary shock they received. But if you are genetically programmed to go bald, it will be much more difficult.
7 But, modern science does have some good news for the genetically programmed bald Person
who wants a full head of hair:
Individual styled and fitted hairpieces and wigs. The hairpiece technology is so sophisticated that it really is possible for nobody but only your hairdresser to know the truth.
Hair transplants. Developed in the 1950s, this technique involves the transplanting of "plugs", each consisting of 12-15 intact hairs and follicles, from the back of the head to the bald spots.
But the process is tedious and costly, and not everyone has enough hair to provide sufficient plugs. The newest solution is hair transplantation combined with scalp-reduction surgery.
Minoxidil. A drug used to treat high blood pressure but having the side effect of growing hair.
1 Paragraph 4 ________
2 Paragraph 5 ________
3 Paragraph 6 ________
4 Paragraph 7 ________
A Men suffering from baldness
B Genetically programmed baldness
C Factors causing hair loss other than genetic causes
D Cures for all kinds of baldness
E Women's problem of hair loss
F Solutions for genetically programmed hair loss
5 In the next ten years, the rate of men suffering from baldness may be ________.
6 Exactly why many women suffer from hair loss is ________.
7 The majority of men's baldness results from ________.
8 Just Wait, and many: people will recover from ________.
A still unknown
B genetic factors
C non-genetically programmed baldness
D tension, pregnancy, and other causes
E one Out of eight
F three out of eight
4.词性变化不影响选择。
(p56)
Stanford University
1 Stanford University, famous as one of northern California’s several institutions of higher learning, is sometimes called "the Harvard of the West." The closeness of Stanford to San Francisco, a city thirty-two miles to the north, gives the university a decidedly cosmopo1itan flavor.
2 The students are enrolled mainly from the western United States. But most of the fifty states send students to Stanford, and many foreign students study here, as well. And standards for admission remain high. Young men and women are selected to enter the university from the upper fifteen percent of their high school classes.
3 Not only because of the high caliber of its students but also because of the desirable location and climate, Stanford has attracted to its faculty some of the world's most respected scholars. The university staff has included many Nobel Prize winners such as Dr. Felix Bloch, Dr. Robert Hofstadter, and Dr. William Shockley in physics, Dr. Author Kornberg and Dr. Joshua Lederberg in medicine, and Dr. Paul J. Flory and Dr. Linus Pauling in chemistry. The Russian novelist Aleksandr Solzhenistsyn has been in residence. Stanford's undergraduate school of engineering and its graduate schools of business, law, and medicine are especially wellregraded.
4 What is student life like on "The Farm’"? Culturally, the campus is a magnet for both students and citizens of nearby communities. Plays, concerts, and operas are performed in the university's several auditoriums and in its outdoor theater, where graduations are also held. Several film series are presented during the school year. Guest lecturers from public and academic life frequently appear on campus. In the evenings, many students gather to socialize in the Student Union's coffee house; here the beverages and the atmosphere both have a decidedly European flavor. For the sports-minded, the Stanford campus offers highly developed athletic facilities. Team sports, swimming, and track and field activity are all very much part of the Stanford picture. So are bicycling and jogging.
5 In addition to financial support from alumni, Stanford receives grants from the government and from private philanthropic foundations. In recent years, government grants have made possible advanced studies in the fields of history, psychology, education, and atomic energy. At presents Stanford is carrying out an ambitious building program, financed in part by the Ford Foundation's 25 million grant. Recently added to the campus are a new physics building, new school of business, new graduate school of law, new student union, and undergraduate library.
23 Paragraph 2 ________
24 Paragraph 3 ________
25 Paragraph 4 ________
26 Paragraph 5 ________
A Colorful life on the campus
B Intelligent student body
C School administration
D Distinguished faculty
E Substantial financial support
F The Harvard of the West
27 Those high school graduates who can enter Stanford University ________
28 Many professors like to teach in this university partly because here ________
29 On the faculty of the university there are ________
30 Financial support from both private organizations and the government has made possible ________
A they can find the best students
B the university’s academic advancement and physical extension
C some of the most distinguished scholars of the world
D where a sports meet is held every year
E must have been the top students in their class
F must be hardworking
Exercise Four Caring for the Old
1 The old do not have to look exclusively to the past. Relieved of some of life's responsibilities and fortified by many years of experience and knowledge, they may have a much better idea of how to spend their time enjoyably than they did in their youth. And not all enjoyment is restricted to the mental or philosophical. Healthy physical activity remains quite possible for most of US well into our later years.
2 Old people sometimes display surprising freedom and forthrightness in the expression of their thoughts and feelings, and an ability to transmit affection. It is as though some of the rituals which constrict US in earlier life fall away.
3 But a higher percentage of people suffer from emotional distress in old age than at any oth-
er time in adult life, and the gap between need and care is often filled by dubious measures, such as heavy-handed prescription of medicine. For many years it was assumed that old people were not appropriate candidates for psychotherapy. But a few clinicians have risen to the challenge and discovered that individual and group psychotherapy is just as effective with the old as with the young.
4 It is easy to understand why an earthquake causes terror. Yet in old age there may be terror of a very private nature, a sense of disintegration sometimes stemming from inner conflicts, sometimes from a premonition of death of the fear of becoming dependent.
5 Dependency is a grim choice: insecurity and deprivation must he weighed against loss of autonomy and integrity. But if there is nothing shameful about the dependency of a baby or a young child, there should be nothing shameful about the dependencies natural with old age and diminishing physical resources.
6 The complexity and impersonality of the bureaucratic establishments, which have the means to provide help, are often threatening to old people. The younger generation today, on the other hand, will have had many decades to interact with "the system" by the time they reach old age.
7 Many of us, including healthcare providers, assume that we know what old people and dying people want, but our assumptions are often a reflection of our own thoughts and feelings based on personal interpretations of scanty bits of observation. Such assumptions are really an excuse to avoid close contact with the terminally ill. Assuming we "know" what they want, we absolve ourselves from being with them, and sharing their thoughts about the end of life.
8 We sometimes assume, wrongly that old people are too confused or senile to be aware of the nearness of death. In consequence, communication between a dying person and others is subject to extraordinary omissions and distortions. "Protecting" the dying from knowledge of their condition often serves to protect us from the uncomfortable prospect of talking about dying and death. Evasions like this only lead to increasing isolation at a time when emotional honesty and understanding are most needed.
1 Paragraph l ________
2 Paragraph 2 ________
A Knowing better how to enjoy life
B Freedom in expression
C Psychotherapy effective with some of the old
D Period of greater emotional distress
E Dependency: a grim choice
F Guiltless dependency
3 Paragraph 3 ________
4 Paragraph 5 ________
Exercise Six Mental Health
1 Mentally healthy people experience a high level of self-esteem and find social interaction to be comfortable and rewarding. A sense of self-esteem is inseparable from emotional health, but we must caution that you cannot expect to feel personally fulfilled by everything. Additionally, a sense of self esteem is not always enough to completely offset the health problems that can afflict us.
2 We define a mentally healthy person as one who is capable of using resources from dimensions of health of feel good about life and other people. A more specific yardstick for measuring mental health comes from the National Mental Health Association, which describes mentally healthy people as those who.
3 Feel comfortable about themselves. They are not overwhelmed by their own feelings, and can accept many of life's disappointments. They experience all of the human emotions (for ex-ample, fear, anger, love, jealousy, guilt, joy) but are not overcome by them.
4 Feel right about other people. They feel comfortable with others and are able to give and receive love. They are concerned about the well-being of other people and have relationships that are satisfying and lasting.
5 Are able to meet the demands of life. Mentally healthy people respond to their problems, accept responsibility, plan ahead without fearing the future, and are able to establish reachable goals.
6 We do not wish to give a "perfect" view of mentally healthy people. At times, mentally healthy people experience stress, frustrations, and feelings of self-doubt, failure, and rejection. What distinguishes the mentally healthy is their resilience-their ability to recapture their sense of emotional will within a reasonable time. Emotional and psychological health.
7 Is there a difference between emotional and psychological health? Many people believe that there is little real difference between the terms. Rather, there is only the absence of mental ill-ness and psychopathology.
8 People who believe that a difference exists would describe that difference on the basis of the focused nature of emotional health and the most global nature of psychological health. To these persons, emotional health relates to the specific responses of individuals to changing situations within their environment. These responses are subjective in origin and reflect the value orientation of the person. Defense mechanisms are routinely used to soften the more painful and less acceptable of these feelings. Indeed, responses to change reflecting a sense of joy, anger, compassion, sympathy, empathy, frustration, and disappointment are familiar healthy emo-
tions. Emotionally healthy people feel good about their responses to change, while those who are negative about their own feelings and their responses to change are less emotionally healthy.
9 In comparison to emotional health, psychological health relates to the positive and function-al unfolding of the wide range of psychic traits, including the development of language, memo-ry, perceptual processes, awareness states, and the psychophysical interfacing of the mind and body. Psychologically healthy persons deal rationally with the world, display a fully functional personality, and resolve conflict in a nondestructive manner. Psychologically healthy people use more aspects of the psyche than their feeling states.
1 Paragraph 1 ________
2 Paragraph 2 ________
3 Paragraph 5 ________
4 Paragraph 8 ________
A Traits of mentally healthy people
B Components of self-esteem
C Definition of mentally healthy people
D Difference between mentally health and psychological health
E What emotional health is
F People able to meet the demands of lire
Exercise Eight Horticulture
1 Horticulture is the science and, art of cultivating fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants. The word horticulture originates from the Latin words hortus, which means garden, and cultura, which means cultivation.
2 Human use of plants for food and ornament has its origin in antiquity. As civilization e-volved, the deliberate cultivation and domestication of edible plants replaced less efficient food-gathering practices of primitive societies. The advancement of horticulture is intertwined with the history of civilization and at scientific and technological development from the earliest times to the present. Horticulture and agriculture are not modern-day inventions but have gone through continuous transformation as civilization progressed technologically.
3 Horticulture has many branches and can be divided into categories based on types of plants. Fruit culture is the branch of horticulture that covers the growing of tree fruits such as apples and oranges. Vegetable culture is the growing of vegetables. Vegetables are grown for their fruits, leaves, roots, or pods. This branch of horticulture is often the most popular with homeowners. Unlike fruit trees, vegetables usually have a short growing season and must be replanted each year. Ornamental horticulture is the production and use of plants as ornaments, whether they are used in open spaces or containers. Landscape horticulture is the use of ornamental plants and trees with other elements to beautify an area. Shopping malls, play-grounds, homes, and office complexes have ornamental plants and trees to make the area more pleasing.
4 Growing, harvesting, and tasting your own fresh fruit is one of the most satisfying pleasure of having a garden. A fruit garden may be highly decorative as well r as productive. Fruit trees can be trained to grow in a variety of ways: rows of trees, bushes, or in containers. Fruit trees can be grown in a separate area or among other plants. Most fruit trees are not self-fertile and need to be planted by a tree of the same fruit. Fruit trees require fertile, well-drained soil, plen-
ty of sun, spray protection against insects, and annual pruning.
5 Apples are one of the most widely grown fruits. There are about 7,000 varieties world-wide, with 2,500 in the United States alone. Apples are available fresh throughout the year. Apples are ripe when picked and need to be kept cold so they do not become soft. It takes only two days on the counter for apples to lose their crispness. When refrigerated, apples will keep for about six weeks.
1 Paragraph 1 ________
2 Paragraph 2 ________
3 Paragraph 3 ________
4 Paragraph 4 ________
A The Use of Fertilizer in Gardens
B The Etymology of the Word Horticulture
C Gardening as a Hobby
D Different Types of Horticulture
E Tips on Keeping a Fruit Garden
F Horticulture as Part of Human Civilizatlon
Exercise Ten Ford
1 Ford's great strength was the manufacturing process-not invention. Long before he started a car company, he was an inveterate tinker, known for picking up loose scraps of metal and wire and turning them into machines. He's been putting cars together since 1981. Al-though by no means the first popular automobile, the Model T showed the world just how innovative Ford was at combining technology and market.
2 The company's assembly line alone threw America's industrial Revolution into overdrive. Instead of having workers put together the entire car, Ford's cronies, who were great tool-and diemakers from Scotland, organized teams that added parts to each Model T as it moved
down a line. By the time Ford's sprawling highland Park plant was humming along in 1914, the world's first automatic conveyor belt could turn out a car every 93 minutes.
3 The same year Henry Ford shocked the world with what probably stands as his greatest contribution ever, the $ 5-a-day minimum wage scheme. The average wage in the auto industry then was $2.43 for a 9-hour shift. Ford not only doubled that, he also took an hour off the workday. In those years it was unthinkable that a guy could be paid that much for doing something that didn't involve an awful lot of training or education. The Wall street journal called the plan "an economic crime," and critics everywhere heaped "Fordism" with equal scorn.
4 But as the wage increased later to daily $ 10, it proved a critical Component of Ford's quest to make the automobile accessible to all. The critics were too stupid to comprehend that be-cause Ford had lowered his costs per car, the higher wages didn't matter-except for making it feasible for more people to buy cars.
1 Paragraph l ________
2 Paragraph 2 ________
3 Paragraph 3 ________
4 Paragraph 4 ________
A "Fordism" Accepted by the Car Industry
B Assembly Line Used to Speed up Production
C Ford's Cronies Rejected
D Ford's Biggest Contributions
E Ford's Quest for Making His Cars Accessible to All
F Ford's Manufacturing Talent
Exercise Nine Protecting Native Languages
1 English has become the world's number one language in the 20th century. In every country where English is not the native language, especially in the Third World, people must strive to learn it to the best of their abilities, if they want to participate fully in the development of their countries. But many people are concerned that English's dominance will destroy native languages.
2 A close examination reveals a great number of languages have fallen casualty to English.
For example, it has wiped out Hawaiian, Welsh, Scotch Gaelic, Irish, native American languages, and many others. Luckily, some of these languages are now being revived, such as Hawaiian and Welsh, and these languages will live again, hopefully, if dedicated people continue their work of reviving them. Nonetheless, a world full of different languages will disappear if the present trend in many countries to use English to replace the national or official languages in education, trade and even politics continues. If this situation continues, the native or official languages of these countries will certainly die within two or three generations. This phenomenon has been called linguistic genocide. A language dies if it is not fully used in most activities, particularly as a medium of instruction in schools.
3 The Third World countries that are now using English as a medium of instruction are depriving 75 per cent of their future leaders of a proper education. According to many studies, only around 20 to 25 per cent of students in these countries can manage to learn the language of instruction (English) as well as basic subjects at the same time. Many leaders of these Third World countries are obsessed with English and for them English is everything. They seem to believe that if the students speak English, they are already knowledgeable. These leaders speak and write English much better than their national languages. If these leaders delver speeches anywhere in the world they use English and they feel more at home with it and proud of their ability as well. The citizens of their countries do not understand their leaders' speeches because they are made in a foreign language.
4 All the greatest countries of the world are great because they constantly use their own lan guages in all national development activities, including education. From a psychological point of view, those who are taught in their own language from the start will develop better selfconfidence and self-reliance. From a linguistic point of view, the best brains can only be produced if students are educated in their own language from the start. Those who are taught in a foreign language from the start will tend to be imitators and lack self-confidence. They will tend to rely on foreign consultants.
5 There is nothing wrong, however, in learning a foreign language at advanced levels of education. But the best thing to do is to have a good education in one's native language first, then go abroad to have fl university education in a foreign language.
1 Paragraph 1 ________
2 Paragraph 2 ________
3 Paragraph 3 ________
4 Paragraph 4 ________
A The Disappearance of Many Native Languages
B The Bad Effect Caused by Neglecting One's Own Native Language
C The Importance of Learning English
D The Dominance of English in Today's World
E The Overemphasis on English in the Third World Countries
F The Role of English in International Politics
Air Transportation
1 Airplanes are used to carry passengers, cargo and mail. Air transport companies operate scheduled airlines and non-scheduled services over local, regional, national, and international routes. The aircraft operated by these companies range from small single-engine planes to large multiengine jet transports.
2 The first air passenger services began in l910, when dirigibles began operation between several German cities. The first scheduled airplane service to carry passengers began in the U.S. in l914. Several experimental airmail flights took place in India. Europe, and the United States, before World War I, but air transport services did not become a true business until after the war.
3 During World War Two, intercontinental air transport became firmly established. After the war the new long-distance transports with advanced facilities, were increasingly able to avoid storms and strong wind and make flights more economical and consistent. A new generation of "jumbo-jet" transports began operations in l970, and the supersonic transport entered passenger service in l976.
4 During the l970s the number of domestic passengers on U.S. airlines increased about 78%, and during the l980s the figure was up about 58%. In l990 there were 41.8 million international passengers, the figure was a 75% increase over l 980. The total cargo flown by U.S. airlines almost doubled during the l980s, from 5.7 billion to 10.6 billion ton-miles in l990.
5 Major airports provide a wide range of facilities for the convenience of millions of travelers. These range from such basic services as ticket-sales counters and restaurants to luxury hotels, shopping centres and play areas for children. International airports must also have customs areas and currency-exchange counters and so on.
23 Paragraph 2 ________
24 Paragraph 3 ________
25 Paragraph 4 ________
26 Paragraph 5 ________
A Airport services
B Training of pilots
C Beginning period
D Rapid growth in the U.S.
E Development
F Competition
Exercise Seven The Fridge
1 The fridge is considered a necessity. It has been since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with he label: "store in the refrigerator."
2 In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, 1 was fed well and healthily. The milkman came daily,
the grocer, the butcher, the baker, and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on, food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country.
3 The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. A vast variety of well-tried techniques already existed-natural cooling drying, smoking, salting, sugaring, bottling...
4 What refrigeration did promote was marketing-marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price.
5 Consequently, most of the world's fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of fridges hum away continuously and at vast expense, busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially-heated house-while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge.
6 The fridge's effect upon the environment has been evident, while-its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant. If you don't believe me, try it yourself. Invest in a food cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburgers but at least you'll get rid of that terrible hum.
1 Paragraph 2 ________
2 Paragraph 4 ________
3 Paragraph 5 ________
4 Paragraph 6 ________
A The-Invention of the Fridge
B The Pollution Caused by Fridges
C The Widespread Need for Fridges
D The Days without the Fridge
E The Waste of Energy Caused by Fridges
F The Fridge's Contribution to Commerce
Rainmaking
1 The idea of rainmaking is almost as old as man, hut it was not until 1946 that "man succeeded in making rain. In ancient times, rainmakers had claimed to bring rain by many methods dancing singing, killing animals (including humans).
2 For a long time, men have understood where rain comes from. Water from the surface of oceans and lakes becomes part of the air, where it forms clouds from which rain falls. But exactly what starts the formation of raindrops was not known until quite recently. A man named John Aitken proved that drops of water gather around tiny bits of dust or other matter. The centers of the drops are so small that the human eye cannot see them. Without such centers, it seems raindrops do not form.
3 During World WarⅡ, Dr. Irving Langmir, and his assistant Schaefer, were hired by the General Electric Company to study how and why ice forms on the wings of airplanes. They went to a mountain in New Hampshire, where snowstorms are common and cold winds blow. They were surprised to find that often the temperature of the clouds surrounding them was far below the freezing point, and yet ice did not form in the clouds.
4 After the War, Schaefer experimented with a machine that created cold, moist air similar to the air found in clouds. To imitate the moist air of a cloud. Schaefer would breathe into the machine. Then he would drop into the freezer a bit of powder, sugar, or some other substance. For weeks and months he tried everything he could imagine. Nothing happened. No crystals of ice were formed. None of the substances would serve as the center of a snow crystal or raindrops.
5 One July morning, Schaefer was dropping in bits of various Substances and watching the unsuccessful results. Finally, a friend suggested that they go to eat lunch and Schaefer went with him. As usual, he left the cover of the freezer up, since cold air sinks and would not escape from the box..
6 Returning from lunch, Schaefer found that the temperature of the freezer had risen to a point higher than that required for ice crystals to remain solid. There were two choices now. He could close the cover and wait for the freezer itself to lower the air temperature, or he could make the process occur faster by adding dry ice a gas in solid form that is very, very cold. He chose the latter plan. As he dropped the steaming white dry ice into the freezer, he happened to breathe out a large amount of air. And there, before his eyes, it happened! He had made ice crystals, not by adding centers to the moisture, but by cooling the breath so much that the liq-
uid had to form crystals! Then he began to blow his breath into the freezer and drop large pieces of dry ice through it to create crystals which became a tiny snowstorm falling slowly to the floor of his laboratory.
7 After planning carefully, Schaefer made an experiment by dropping dry ice from his plane to the clouds below him. As was expected, snow formed and fell from the bottom of the cloud. Schaefer succeeded. He made history.
23 Paragraph 2 ________
24 Paragraph 3 ________
25 Paragraph 4 ________
26 Paragraph 6 ________
A Langmir and Schaefer's work for the GE Company
B Langmir and Schaefer's discovery of rain-forming
C Men's knowledge of rain-forming
E Schaefer's discovery by accident
D Schaefer's several unsuccessful experiments
F Langmir and Schaefer's successful cooperation
Exercise one North America
1 The natural regions of North America are typified by broad areas of apparently similar appearance and morphology. The entire western margin of the continent is paralleled by a series of mountain chains with intermountain basins and plateaus. The vast interior of the continent
is dominated by gently rolling plains. The eastern side of the continent has both low mountain relief and, along the southeast coast, almost flat topography.
2 The agricultural resources of North America are immense, with much of this potential located in the United States and southern Canada. Almost all of the Interior Plains and the Atlantic and Gulf Lowlands regions are suitable for agriculture. Significant areas within the Western Uplands-wherever water is available-are valuable crop or pasture lands as smaller sections of Middle America.
3 Of the more than 400 million people in North America, more than 60%are located in the United States and almost another 20%live in Mexico. Almost all of Canada's people live within 200 km (125mi) of the U. S. border. The remainder of the continent's population is divided between the Caribbean and Central American countries, with Cuba, in the Caribbean, by far the most populous.
4 The educational levels of North Americans are exceeded on a continental scale only in Europe and in Australia. In the United States and Canada more than 50%of the people older than 25 years have completed at least 12 years of schooling. In addition, more than 15%have completed at least 4 years of college. Virtually the entire population of both countries are considered literate. In contrast, a large portion of the Middle American population does not finish primary school.
5 Levels of economic development vary greatly over the continent. The postindustrial economies of Canada and the United States employ well under one-tenth of their tabor forces in agriculture and one-third or less in industry, with the rest primarily employed in service industries. Fueled by oil revenues, Mexico's economy developed more rapidly in the 1970s than any other country's on the continent. The fall of oil prices in the 1980s, however, stalled this growth and plunged Mexico deeply into debt. In the Caribbean the pace of economic development is uneven,andunemployment rates are generally high.
5 The topographical feature of North America is ________.
6 The great potential agricultural resources of North American lies in ________.
7 In U. S. and Canada ________ is considered illiterate.
8 Mexico's rapid economic development in the 1970s is due to ________.
A oil revenues
B none
C the entire population
D the U. S. and southern Canada
E intermountain basins and plateaus
F broad areas of similar appearance and morphology
复习完成句子
Exercise Two The Price of Idleness
l Electrical devices such as CD players, videos and burglar alarms are consuming more energy in Standby mode than when they are actually being used.
2 Maria Sanchez and her colleagues from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Berkeley, California, tested more than 50 small electrical appliances, from computers to door-bells, electric mowers, VCRs, and pool pumps. In the current issue of Energy Policy, they re-port that about halt of all consumer electronics energy is used in standby mode. This costs American consumers $1 billion a year in wasted energy.
3 The researchers say that while electronic devices are lying dormant (休眠状态), running their clocks, maintaining internal memories or displaying their settings, they consume around 40 terawatt hours of electricity in the U. S. every year-enough to power a airy such as Chicago or London. Marry machines use almost as much power on standby as when working. For example, it takes l5 watts to play a typical CD, but an average of 11 watts to keep it on standby. Satellite TV systems use l4 watts when active and l4 watts on standby. Given the long hours these systems spend idling, each uses far more power in standby mode than when actually working.
4 "Bad design is largely to blame," says Sanchez. In a separate survey of CD players last year, her colleague Wolfgang Huber found that two machines with similar features used 28 watts and 2 watts respectively on standby. "For most products, we believe that standby power can be reduced to one watt or less." says Sanchez.
5 She backs proposals to set up a national 1abeling system to promote machines that meet this standard. Such a system could reduce standby power consumption in the U. S. by 50 per cent, says coauthor Alan Meier-more than 20 terawatt hours per year. Last month, electronics company Philips announced the launch of a device that can dramatically reduce the power used in standby mode.
A Factors Leading to Energy Waste
B Home Appliances
C Proposals to Cut Energy Consumption
D Energy Consumption Test
E Terawatt Hours
F Nonessential Electricity Use
1 Paragraph 2 ________
2 Paragraph 3 ________
3 Paragraph 4 ________
4 Paragraph 5 ________
5 Satellite TV systems use 14 watts ________.
6 The energy wasted by the electronic devices in the U. S. is sufficient to ________.
7 It is found that power waste is mainly caused by ________.
8 Philips have started to develop a device that can greatly reduce ________.
A bad design
B the total energy of the country
C power a large city
D the most energy
E wasted energy
F stand by power consumption
答案：
Exercise Two CDCAC
Exercise Six Mental Health
1 Mentally healthy people experience a high level of self-esteem and find social interaction to be comfortable and rewarding. A sense of self-esteem is inseparable from emotional health, but we must caution that you cannot expect to feel personally fulfilled by everything. Additionally, a sense of self esteem is not always enough to completely offset the health problems that can afflict us.
2 We define a mentally healthy person as one who is capable of using resources from dimensions of health of feel good about life and other people. A more specific yardstick for measuring mental health comes from the National Mental Health Association, which describes mentally healthy people as those who.
3 Feel comfortable about themselves. They are not overwhelmed by their own feelings, and can accept many of life's disappointments. They experience all of the human emotions (for ex-ample, fear, anger, love, jealousy, guilt, joy) but are not overcome by them.
4 Feel right about other people. They feel comfortable with others and are able to give and receive love. They are concerned about the well-being of other people and have relationships that are satisfying and lasting.
5 Are able to meet the demands of life. Mentally healthy people respond to their problems, accept responsibility, plan ahead without fearing the future, and are able to establish reachable goals.
6 We do not wish to give a "perfect" view of mentally healthy people. At times, mentally healthy people experience stress, frustrations, and feelings of self-doubt, failure, and rejection. What distinguishes the mentally healthy is their resilience-their ability to recapture their sense of emotional will within a reasonable time. Emotional and psychological health.
7 Is there a difference between emotional and psychological health? Many people believe that there is little real difference between the terms. Rather, there is only the absence of mental ill-ness and psychopathology.
8 People who believe that a difference exists would describe that difference on the basis of the focused nature of emotional health and the most global nature of psychological health. To these persons, emotional health relates to the specific responses of individuals to changing situations within their environment. These responses are subjective in origin and reflect the value orientation of the person. Defense mechanisms are routinely used to soften the more painful and less acceptable of these feelings. Indeed, responses to change reflecting a sense of joy, anger, compassion, sympathy, empathy, frustration, and disappointment are familiar healthy emo-
tions. Emotionally healthy people feel good about their responses to change, while those who are negative about their own feelings and their responses to change are less emotionally healthy.
9 In comparison to emotional health, psychological health relates to the positive and function-al unfolding of the wide range of psychic traits, including the development of language, memo-ry, perceptual processes, awareness states, and the psychophysical interfacing of the mind and body. Psychologically healthy persons deal rationally with the world, display a fully functional personality, and resolve conflict in a nondestructive manner. Psychologically healthy people use more aspects of the psyche than their feeling states.
1 Paragraph 1 ________
2 Paragraph 2 ________
3 Paragraph 5 ________
4 Paragraph 8 ________
A Traits of mentally healthy people
B Components of self-esteem
C Definition of mentally healthy people
D Difference between mentally health and psychological health
E What emotional health is
F People able to meet the demands of lire
5 People with low self-esteem may find it hard ________.
6 Mentally healthy people may still feel afraid sometimes, ________.
7 A person who doesn't care about how other people feel ________.
8 Some people believe that emotional health ________.…
A but they are not defeated by the fear
B can hardly receive lore from others
C to make other people love themselves
D to make friends with others
E always feels comfortable with himself
F is part of psychological health
答案
Exercise Six ACFEDABF
Air Transportation
28 The United States was the country where ________.
29 The forty years from the l930s to the l970s was an important period ________.
A in the development of air transportation B the earliest passenger flights were successfully operated C to make travel easy and pleasant for the passengers D to provide different services E the shortage of qualified pilots F travelling by air was Very cheap
Exercise Four Caring for the Old
7 It is all very natural ________.
A how to show love to others
B how to show anger to others
C yet we know we are wrong
D in various kinds of sports
E but we are often wrong too
F for old people to depend on others
5 People with low self-esteem may find it hard ________.
A but they are not defeated by the fear
B can hardly receive lore from others
C to make other people love themselves
D to make friends with others
E always feels comfortable with himself
F is part of psychological health
Exercise Seven The Fridge
1 The fridge is considered a necessity. It has been since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with he label: "store in the refrigerator."
2 In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, 1 was fed well and healthily. The milkman came daily,
the grocer, the butcher, the baker, and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on, food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country.
3 The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. A vast variety of well-tried techniques already existed-natural cooling drying, smoking, salting, sugaring, bottling...
4 What refrigeration did promote was marketing-marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price.
5 Consequently, most of the world's fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of fridges hum away continuously and at vast expense, busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially-heated house-while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge.
6 The fridge's effect upon the environment has been evident, while-its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant. If you don't believe me, try it yourself. Invest in a food cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburgers but at least you'll get rid of that terrible hum
1 Paragraph 2 ________
2 Paragraph 4 ________
3 Paragraph 5 ________
4 Paragraph 6 ________
A The-Invention of the Fridge
B The Pollution Caused by Fridges
C The Widespread Need for Fridges
D The Days without the Fridge
E The Waste of Energy Caused by Fridges
F The Fridge's Contribution to Commerce
5 Before fridges came into use, it was still possible for people to have fresh foods because ________.
6 The invention of the fridge has not provided ________.
7 An important contribution made by the invention of the fridge is that ________.
8 If you stop using the fridge, at least you won't be troubled by the noise ________.
A milk, meat, vegetables, etc. were delivered
B it has promoted the sales of many kinds of commodities
C a new, economical way to preserve food
D most kids like iced soft drinks
E something every housewife needs
F produced by the fridge when it is working
Exercise Seven DFEBACBF
Paris
1 Paris, the capital and the largest city of the country, is in north central France. The Paris metropolitan area contains nearly 20% of the nation's population and is the economic, cultural, and political center of France. The French governments have historically favored the city as the
site for all decision making, thus powerfully attracting nearly all of the nation's activities.
2 Paris has grown steadily since it was chosen as the national capital in the late 10th century. With the introduction of the Industrial Revolution, a great number of people moved to the city from the country during the l9th century. The migration was especially stimulated by the construction of railroads, which provided easy access to the capital. After World War II more and more immigrants arrived.
3 The city is the centralized control point of most national radio and television broadcasting. It is a place of publication of the most prestigious newspapers and magazines and an international book publishing center. With more than l00 museums, Paris has truly been one of the greatest concentrations of art treasures in the world. The Louvre, opened as a museum in 1793, is one of the largest museums in the world.
4 In the late l980s about 4.1 million pupils annually attended about 47,000 elementary schools. In addition, about 5.4 million students attended some 11,200 secondary schools. Approximately l.2 million students were enrolled annually at universities and colleges in France in the late l980s. French centers of learning have served as academic models throughout the world.
5 Paris is the leading industrial center of France, with about one quarter of the nation's manufacturing concentrated in the metropolitan area. Industries of consumer goods have always been drawn to Paris by the enormous market of the big population, and modern, high-technology industries also have become numerous since World War II. Chief manufactures are machinery, automobiles, chemicals and electrical equipment.
23 Paragraph 2 ________
24 Paragraph 3 ________
25 Paragraph 4 ________
26 Paragraph 5 ________
A History of the city
B Industries of the city
C Population growth
D Education
E Cultural center
F Immigration
27 Paris has in history been the center of ________.
28 Since the 10th century, the population of Paris ________.
29 Many valuable works of art ________.
30 Paris is not only the center of education of France, but also the center ________.
A can be found in Paris
B the major events of the nation
C of the country's industries
D a lot of cinemas and theatres
E has been growing steadily
F has been decreasing rapidly
