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Essay写作的‘爱迪尔’

2013-02-28 
谢振礼 Essay写作的‘爱迪尔’

  猫头鹰在线写作实验室 海外教师谢振礼

  ielts360toefl@hotmail.com Jeeenn Lee Hsieh

  论说文(essay)总有三件事。其一:自定你答题的立场(申论主题)。其二:提出论证--理由例子细节--来坚定你的立场(支持主题)。其三:讨论与主题有关的‘爱迪尔’(idea)作为分论点。三者之中,最抽象得令若干学友疑惑的是‘爱迪尔’。论说文测试要考生从知识(knowledge)或经验(experience)中提出切题的(relevant/specific)理由+例子+细节。其实,来自知识或经验的‘爱迪尔’都是抽象的论点,而不是具体的论点。

  面对写作试题,经过头脑风暴,但求掀起‘爱迪尔’--分论点。短篇论说文(如托福或雅思essay)的分论点无须繁杂。安排引言起段(introduction)时,顶多在主题的焦点里想出两个抽象的分论点就足以起承转合。两个分论点在中体(body)中平衡并立,提出理由例子细节来支持主题。

  引言的心图思路:答题生立场,立场生主题,主题生焦点,焦点生两个论点。造三句话:申论主题,集中焦点,话分两头。结论是引言的倒影:二合为一,还原焦点,重申主题。

  话分两头:一个分论点作为承段的指标句(topic sentence);另一个分论点作为转段的指标句。技巧上,这两个指标(分论点)又复合在结论合段。论说文的内涵抽象,从分论点延伸的论证也是抽象无疑。

  麻烦的是如何生产切题的‘爱迪尔’,完全靠谱主题的焦点。既然主题是答题的立场,‘爱迪尔’当然也是从主题中引发。假设连题目都搞不清楚,则不可能有切题的‘爱迪尔’。

  不是所有想出来的‘爱迪尔’都用得上,所以总要切题才行。不靠谱的不能用,连切题却多于的‘爱迪尔’也不能超用。完成一篇300字的论说文,话不必多说,反正时间也是不够发挥。关键是绕着主题的焦点说话:

  起 申论主题

  Say what you are going to say.

  承 支持主题

  Say it, with evidential support.

  转 支持主题

  Say it, with evidential support.

  合 重申主题

  Say what you have said.

  英文作文:只要考生做得到自圆其说,评分考官并不在乎‘爱迪尔’的错对,而是专注【评分标准】IELTS-TOEFL Scoring Guide。大致而言,作文要求思维的逻辑,英文要求文法的应用。

  --作文三亮点,逻辑闪光:

  1. 主题有焦点--a well-focused thesis

  IELTS>task response. fully addresses all parts of the task. presents a fully developed position in answer to the question.

  TOEFL>effectively addresses the topic and task.

  2. 结构有组织--a well-organized structure

  IELTS>coherence and cohesion. skillfully manages paragraphing.

  TOEFL>well-organized and well-developed. displays unity, progression, and coherence.

  3. 内容有支持--a well-supported content

  IELTS>with relevant, fully extended and well-supported ideas

  TOEFL>uses clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details.

  --英文三亮点,文法闪光:

  1. 修辞求效率--rhetoric (language effectiveness)

  IELTS>grammatical range and accuracy. uses cohesion in such a way that it attracts no attention

  TOEFL>displays consistent facility in the use of language.

  2. 句法求变化--syntax (sentence variety)

  IELTS>uses a wide range of structures with full flexibility and accuracy; rare minor errors occur only as 'slips'

  TOEFL>demonstrates syntactic variety, though it may have minor grammatical errors..

  3. 词汇求恰当--lexicon (word choice)

  IELTS>lexical resource. uses a wide range of vocabulary with very natural and sophisticated control of lexical features; rare minor errors occur only as 'slips'

  TOEFL>demonstrates appropriate word choice and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical errors.

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