(二)句法上的省略
在一些简单句、并列句和复合句中，可以省略主语、谓语、宾语、表语等某一个句子成分，也
可以省略多个句子成分。
1.简单句中的省略
①感叹句中常省略主语和谓语。
What a hot day (it is)!多热的天啊!
How wonderful!多妙啊!
②在一些口语中可以省略某些句子成分。
—(Will you)Have a smoke? 你抽烟吗?—No. Thanks. 不，谢谢了。
(Is there)Anything else to say?还有别的要说吗?
2.并列句中的省略
①如果主语不同，而谓语动词中的一部分相同，则省略谓语动词中相同的那部分。
John must have been playing football and Mary (must have been) doing her homework.
约翰一定在踢球，而玛丽一定在做作业。
②主语相同，谓语动词也相同，则二者都可以省略。
His suggestions made John happy, but (his suggestions made) Mary angry.
他的建议使约翰高兴，却使玛丽很生气。
③主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主语。
Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but (he) soon returned to his old ways.
老麦克唐纳戒了一阵子烟，可很快又抽上了。
④在并列复合句中，如果that从句从属于第二个并列句且它的谓语动词和宾语等其它一些成分与第一个并列句相同时，这个that从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分。
Jack will sing at the party, but I know John won't (sing at the party).
杰克将在晚会上唱歌，但我知道约翰不会在晚会上唱歌。
3.复合句中的省略
▲名词性从句中的省略
①作宾语的what从句中的谓语动词与主句的相同，则what从句可以省略谓语，甚至主语
Someone has used my bike, but I don't know who (has used it).
有人用了我的自行车，但我不知道是谁。
He has gone, but no one knows where (he has gone).他走了，但没人知道他去哪儿了。
②有时候也可以根据说话的情景来省略主句中的一些成分。
(I'm)Sorry I've kept you waiting so long.对不起，让你久等了。
③在某些表虚拟语气的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，从句谓语动词中的助
动词should可以省略。
It's important that we (should) speak to the old politely.我们对老人说话要有礼貌，这很重要。
▲定语从句中的省略
①在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词that, which, who (whom)常可以省略。
The man(who / whom) I saw is called Smith. 我见到的那个人名叫史密斯。
Where is the book (which) I bought this morning?今天上午我买的那本书在哪儿?
②关系副词when, where, why以及that在the time(day, morning, afternoon, evening, night, week,
month, year等) when, the place(desk, table, room, spot, house, town, country, school等)where, the reason why, the way that结构中引导限制性定语从句时，在非正式场合下，可以省略关系副词when, where, why, that。
I shall never forget the day (when) we first met.
我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。
The reason (why) he came so early is his own affair. 他来这么早是他自己的事。
The way (that) you answered the questions was admirable. 你回答这些问题的方式令人钦佩。
▲状语从句中的省略
当状语从句中的主语和主句的主语一致，或状语从句中的主语是it，并且又含有be动词时，
常可以省略从句中的主语和be动词。
①在as, before, till, once, when, while等引导的时间状语从句中。
While(I was) waiting, I was reading some magazines. 我一边看杂志，一边等。
②在though, although,等引导的让步状语从句中。
Though (they were) tired, they went on working. 虽然他们累了，但他们仍继续工作。
③在if, unless(=if... not)等引导的条件状语从句中。
You shouldn't come to his party unless (you were) invited.
除非你被邀请，否则你不应该来参加他的宴会。
④在as, as if, as though引导的让步状语从句中。
He did as (he had been) told. 他按照被告知的那样去做了。
He paused as if (he was) expecting her to speak. 他停下来，好像是在期待她说话。
⑤在as(so)... as..., than引导的比较状语从句中。
I know you can do better than he (can do). 我知道你能比他做得更好。
This car doesn't run as fast as that one (does). 这辆小车不及那辆跑得快。
IV.倒装句
“倒装句”主要指的是谓语语序的倒装,当然也有宾语和表语语序的倒装。将谓语的一部分提到主语之前叫部分倒装;将谓语的全部提到主语之前叫全部倒装。
(一)部分倒装
部分倒装是把be动词、情态动词、助动词放到主语之前。如果句子中没有这些词,要在主语之前加助动词do / does /did等,而把原来的谓语动词变成原形放在主语之后。部分倒装主要有以下几种情况:
1.句首状语为否定词或半否定词的句子。
这类词或短语主要有never, neither, nor, little, seldom, rarely, hardly,scarcely, no sooner, not only, in no way, at no time, few, not, no等,
Not a word did I say to him.
Never have I found him so happy.
Little does he care about what I said.
I can’t swim. Neither can he.
No sooner had he gone to bed than he fell asleep.
Hardly/Scarcely had he gone to bed when he fell asleep.
单项选择题：
①Hardly ________ the airport when the plane took off.
A. I had arrived at B. had I arrived C. had I reached D. I had got to
② —Have you ever seen anything like that before?
—No, ________ anything like that before.
A. I never have seen B. never I have seen C. never have I seen D. I have seen
③She is not fond of cooking, ________ I.
A. so am B. nor am C. neither D. nor do
(key:CCB)
